system design
The idea of forced induction
has been around since the late 1800's. Turbochargers have been in use
for over 100 years, being first patented in 1905. Ships and locomotives
begin to use them in the 1920's. Aviation began experimenting with them
in the 1930's to enhance high altitude aircraft performance. Super
Turbochargers, as they were called, played a crucial role in the success
of the United States Army Air Force during WWII.
There are probably as many ways to utilize either a Supercharger or Turbocharger as there are individuals to think them up. Furthermore, they are not used solely for combustion engine performance enhancement either. To many people, the idea of a turbocharger presents a picture of a unit bolted up to the exhaust manifold on a car or truck. And granted, while this is probably the most common method of mounting a turbocharger, it is not necessarily the correct or desirable method for a given application. The turbocharger is just another component, and if it's needs are provided, it will function equally as well in a myriad of positions and applications. The NCTS turbo systems take advantage of technology and ideology that has been around for almost as long as the idea of a turbocharger. Our system designs are unique to each vehicle, and represent countless hours of R&D to maximize the application, but the basic premise of the systems date back to well before World War II. So is the technology new? No, but the vehicle specific ideology and application is. A turbocharger only needs a few things to operate. A stream of rapidly flowing gas to spin the turbine side of the unit providing the driving force, a clean filtered source of supply air for the compressor side, an oil supply and return to lubricate the unit, and of course a connection for the output of the compressor. Many think that the turbocharger works on waste heat energy. It's not the heat in the exhaust gas that drives the turbine, but the velocity and the molecular density of the gas that drives the turbine blades. The farther away from the source of the gas, while the molecular count of the contents of the exhaust gas does not change, the density and velocity of the gas does change. As the gas cools, the density increases (molecules closer together). As the density changes, the physical volumetric space shrinks, in turn slowing the velocity of the gas from the cooling process. As long as the piping system and the sizing of the turbocharger take this into account in the design, it can and will work every bit as effectively as a turbocharger bolted to the manifold. In many aspects, mounting the unit farther away has some distinct advantages. The under hood temperatures remain normal, the turbocharger operates in a cooler environment extending it's life, the compressed air charge does not absorb as much heat energy form the turbine side of the turbocharger, so intake air temperatures are lower. Some will argue that a turbocharger that is mounted farther away from the exhaust source, will suffer from significant lag, or be sluggish in response to a demand for power. If the system is poorly designed, this could certainly be true. But, an improperly designed manifold mounted turbocharger or even a supercharger can exhibit the same issues. So it's the design, not the location that is so critical. A positive benefit is the natural inter cooling our systems enjoy. This results in a very dense cool air charge without the need for bulky air to air intercoolers. This is accomplished simply by the physical laws of nature where the increased surface area of the charge piping helps to remove unwanted thermal energy from the air charge. Over the years, numerous well known entities have utilized these methods. The infamous Calloway Corvettes, Corky Bell, Porsche, motorcycles, as well as many others have used these methods and techniques. Probably one of the best examples and certainly my favorite, dates back just prior to WWII. A new high altitude fighter plane was being designed and tested in anticipation of the U S's entry into the war. Few would have guessed at the time, that the ungainly looking Republic P-47 Thunderbolt ("The Jug") would turn out to be the most prolific, toughest, and most versatile fighter plane produced for the war. The
P-47 was a large frame aircraft, heavily armored, and sporting the
largest Pratt & Whitney radial engine in production at the time. Due
to the large engine diameter,
the P-47 required a large barrel chested fuselage design, hence the nickname
"The Jug". Due to the large radial engine bolted to the nose
of the aircraft, the designers had to be very creative in the design of the
airframe to balance the aircraft. Since this was destined to be a high
altitude fighter plane, it would be fitted with one of the relatively new
"Super" Turbo Chargers to feed the engine with more air
at high altitudes.
These
units were very large and heavy at the time, and capable of moving huge
volumes of compressed air to a hungry engine. So what did the designers
do? Unlike the sleek Mustang fighter with the V-12 Merlin engines and an
engine mounted gear driven Supercharger, the designers placed the P-47's
"Super" Turbo Charger in the rear of the airframe near the tail.
It was then interconnected with the engine through specially
designed ductwork. So here we have all the basics in one place, the
turbocharger location, the oiling system, the interconnecting ductwork, and
yes, even a water/methanol injection system for cooling the intake charge
further for more power during war time emergency mode. |
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